Saturday, May 28, 2011
Friday, May 27, 2011
Overview Of History Of Pharmacy ( Primitive Era, Middle Ages, Modern Era ) And Types Of Pharmacy
Since 200 B.C. ,pharmacy has been inseparatble from mankind,as it is
useful for the use of basic need i.e. Health from primitive to date.
Man made his way to protect himself from diseases as best as possible
reaching out towards natural resources. Alkaloids poisoning which was hallucinogenic mimics mental ill
health. People considered these elements as a victim of God's anger
and disease as a punishment of their sin. In this process,persons who
were priest went through many herbs which were useful along with the
faith in religion. Religion was one of significant stand in the
history of therapeutics in the primitive and Middle Ages. The
traceable history of Pharmacy from 2000 BC Babylonian and Egyptians
produced tablets that are known as oldest pharmaceutical record. The
river vally people knew basic crude forms of drug administration
employed even today e.g. Gargles, suppositories, inhalation, poultices
and ointments and many different drugs like dates,garlic,castor
oil,bean etc. In primitive era,pharmacy and medicine were not two
distincts fields. However in Babylonian era,the two were separated in
different areas. As Greece also progressed, it was Greek intellectuals
who sought logical explainations and this was exemplified by the
followers of Hippocrates. They followed the scientific methods of
observations, classifications and rejection of unbeneficial practices
of drugs. In the 7th Century BC Aesculapius superceded Apollo as god
of healling. The staff of Aesculapius entwined by a sacred serpent
emerged as an official symbol of medicine around the world. His
daughter Hyggea entwined by a serpent and holding a bowl emerged as a
symbol of pharmacy.
Middle Ages
In the middle ages, Christianity prospered leaving behind
Aesculapius school of thought,Greek and Roman treatise were preserved.
In the areas of Far East, Japan, China And subcontinental Buddhist
Monks cultivated medicinal plants outsite their monastries. Galen
experimented on compound drugs. His publications were completed by
Gorio in the 11th century. Even now Galen's doctrines are in practice
and are known as Galenic Pharmacy. Muslim scholars made valueable
contributions to the knowledge of medicine and did better than
Europeans. Their methods were later translated into Latin in 11th and
12th century. By 1240 A.D. Health legislation provided separation of
pharmacy from medicine.
Modern Era
With the passage of time, medicine moved from Arabic school of
thought to the Europeans. In the meantime, Columbus reached America. A
year after him,a Swiss scientist, 1529 A.D. Introduced the idea of
human body as a chemical laboratory. In America medical College Of
Philadelphia taught pharmacy to pharmacists only and thereafter
pharmacy became different entirely.
At present, it is taken up by the multinational comanies who
support research and prepare drugs in the most sophisticated and
scientific way.
Pharmacy
It is a branch of Pharmacology, which deals with the preparation,
compounding, dispensing, and administration of drugs to the patients
with proper instructions for use. The word pharmacy is derived from "
Pharmacon " meaning medicine or drug.
Types of Pharmacy
1. Official Pharmacy
In this type of pharmacy, drugs are prepared according to formulas
and directions laid by in the pharmacopoeias and official
pharmaceutical books e.g. British Pharmaceutical Codex, British
Pharmacopoeia, United States Pharmacopopoeia abbreviated respectively
as B.P.C, B.P, and U.S.P.
2. Extemporaneous pharmacy
In this type, pharmaceutical preparations are done by non-official
codex like formulas of some ointments not given in any official codex
or books.
3. Galenical Pharmacy
It deals with making of pharmaceutical preparation when no
chemical reaction is involved like some injections, infusions, drips
and spirits ( Having no multiple chemical drugs )
4.Gelatinous Pharmacy
It is branch, which deals with chemical preparation of drugs. Most
of the drugs are prepared by this method now a days.
5. Dispensing Pharmacy
It deals with the dispensing, compounding, and techniques
prescribed in the drugs and its direction for use.
Career scope for pharmacy professionals
From ancient times Pharmacy is known as a branch associated with healthcare services. The word Pharmacy has been derived from the Greek word "pharmakon", meaning drug. Today, the discipline of Pharmacy has made enormous progress and has matured as a distinctly independent branch as pharmaceutical sciences, mainly through the acquisition of the wealth of knowledge, research and a vast array of drugs & therapeutic remedies. Unlike the other curricula Pharmacy is a product, as well as, service related discipline, increasing its scope two-fold.
It is involved in all the stages related to a drug, from its discovery, development, action, safety, formulation, use, quality control, packaging, storage, marketing, etc. Thus, today''s pharmacy professional is a ''drug expert'' in the real sense. The profession of pharmacy has transformed into a hub for the ''Global Healthcare'' and evolved as a multidisciplinary, multifaceted curriculum.
The drugs & pharma industry is a multibillion-dollar business. In the rapidly changing global scenario and the implementation of GATT & TRIPS in Pakistan, now a matter of only a couple of years, the pharmaceutical industry and professionals will play a vital role in shaping up our national economy. This new decade is thus, bound to have an ever growing demand of pharmacy professionals not only in the country, but even worldwide. Anticipating this demand the government has taken special steps to boost this unique discipline having a blend of both -- technology, as well as, health-sciences.
Some of the Pakistani universities like the Gomal universit, University of Punjab,University of Sind etc., have given a special status to the pharmacy education by setting up a separate faculty of pharmaceutical Sciences. In Pakistan Pharmacy Education is a two-tier system After 12th Science of State Board one can opt for any of the two courses, namely Diploma (D.Pharm.) and Degree (B.Pharm and Now Pharm D).
Law and Ethics for Pharmacy Technicians
The regulatory bodies for pharmacy colleges are namely,Pharmacy Council of Pakistan (PCP) and further divided in Provisional Pharmacy Council (PPC) and the respective University to which the college is affiliated to. Today pharmacy education like the pharmaceutical industry is also in the process of globalization. In order to have uniformity in course contents, requisite standards of education, technical faculty, facilities and infrastructure at international levels, colleges are going for accreditation and certifications from internationally approved regulating agencies.
A pharmacy professional can work as a production person (chemist, officer, executive, manager, vice-president), involved in the production of bulk drug & intermediates or formulations and dosage forms.
Industries in the cosmetics, soaps, toiletries segment also hire pharmacy professionals. Other segments where opportunities exist are the field of dental products. Dental medicine is a specialized field and so is its production. These involve products dedicated to dental care and hygiene like toothpaste, mouthwashes, dental cavity fillers, etc.
Blood and plasma products is another area hitherto untapped in Pakistan, but has immense potential worldwide and is coming up fast in the country. The products involve, blood of various groups, production of blood bags, haemoglobin, plasma, serum, clotting factors, antigens, antibodies, etc.
Production of biological & biotechnological products, surgical dressings, medical devices & equipment, ayurvedic/ homoeopathic / unani medicines also involve the presence of pharmacy professionals in its production.
Other areas where pharmacy professionals are required are in production of veterinary medicine, perfumery, fragrances, nutraceuticals
Research & Development:
This forms the heart of any industry, as it is the key to growth and sustenance. Mainly M Pharms & PhDs are in great demand in the various areas of Pharmaceutical R&D. Other areas where professionals are required are:
- New Drug Discovery Research (NDDR): Discovering a new drug has assumed prime importance in the post-GATT era.
- Process Development (P&D): One of the important areas in bulk drugs industry is developing viable processes for the manufacture of drugs and intermediates for their commercial production.
- Formulation & Development (F&D): The success of any pharma company lies in the quality of its products, i.e., its formulations & dosage forms.
- Clinical Trials, Bioequivalence studies, Toxicological Studies: These are some of the areas of clinical research which are in high demand as they are involved in the systematic evaluation of potential drug substances prior to getting them approved by the authorities.
Analysis & Testing
Any drug or dosage form for human use has to be of excellent quality and purity, free from any impurities. The permissible limits of impurities, which either occurs through the manufacturing process, equipment, raw materials, handling or storage, are very stringent. Therefore, Quality control (QC) and Quality Assurance (QA) are the most integral areas of the drug & pharmaceutical industry. Highly specialized and trained staff is required to handle sensitive analytical procedures & sophisticated equipment. MPharm & PhDs in Pharm Analysis /Q.A. are highly preferred for this job.
Marketing
Any business is incomplete without the marketing & sales aspect, as the universal fact is that any thing produced has to be sold. The Pharma. Sales & Marketing is a highly technical field & offers excellent opportunities for the pharmacy graduates. Additional qualification like M.B.A. adds to their arsenal. An aspirant of a highly bright future can enter through various openings like starting his own retail or wholesale drug store or becoming a professional sales representative (known as medical Sales Representative or M.R.) to the levels of International Marketing & Exports. The monetary rewards and perks are the best.
Hospital Pharmacy
Another opening for a Pharmacy professional is as a "Registered Pharmacist" in the hospitals or drug stores. This is a very sought after professional especially in countries like the U.S.A. & Canada. The trend is already set in many hospitals in the country. This is a key position and the Pharmacist plays an important role form preparing prescription to the patient''s medial history after the Medical doctor has diagnosed the disease. The Pharmacist is the best-informed qualified drug expert whose advice is sought by every body regarding the dosage, incompatibilities and side effects of drugs.
Community Pharmacy
This concept, which is already very old in developed Western countries, is rapidly catching up the Healthcare service in our country. Through the services of community pharmacy a Pharmacist becomes a vital link between the patients and the products i.e., drugs. The pharmacist also serves a vital link between the patients and other healthcare professionals, especially the medical experts.
- Counseling the patients regarding the use of the drugs and dosage forms
- Providing up-to-date information on drugs/dosage forms to the patients, as well as, medical staff.
- Maintaining patient records & history
- Involved in the usage of self-diagnostic kits by the patients for disorders like diabetes, hypertension etc.
- Providing supply of Home care dosage forms.
Academics
Excellent opportunities for the professionals are available in teaching profession also. As per the A.I.C.T.E. norms the minimum entry-level qualification as lecturer is M.Pharm. This is a profession associated with job satisfaction and social status as teaching is considered to be noble profession. The higher posts in the hierarchy and Sr. Lecturer, Reader, Asst. Professor, Professor, Principal etc. The emoluments are satisfactory.
Besides teaching Academic related opportunities involve positions on Research Posts and Training programs.
Regulatory Affairs
Locally the Drug Control Authority (Drug Inspectors) is the main regulatory body governing and implementing the rules and regulations for the Drug & Pharma industry. The Authority has state branches and sub-branches(Distt, and Tehsil Level) all over the country. The job opportunities for Pharmacy graduates are excellent and range from the levels of a Drug Inspector (D.I.), Sr. D.I., Deputy Drug Controller, Asst. Drug Controller, Drug Controller and finally provisional Drug Controller and Federal Drug controller. This is highly respected and sought after profession. A graduate in Pharmacy is the minimum eligibility.
With globalization process reaching out to Pakistan, the geographical barriers have become obsolete. Any country will have to compete and trade globally in order to progress and survive in the years to come. The major drugs and pharma. Companies have realized this fact and have stepped into the global area of competitive trade. If a Pakistani manufacturer wants to sell his drug or formulation to a foreign country it is mandatory that he has to fulfill all the statutory requirements laid by the regulatory authorities of that country. Also, his product needs to be perfectly as per the specifications laid down by the concerned regulatory authority. Thus, in order to enter into trade with the foreign countries it is mandatory to get the necessary approvals and sanctions as per the formats given by local regulatory authorities. E.g. Approvals to be obtained from U.S.F.D.A. for U.S.A, T.G.A. for Australia & N>Zeeland, M.C.A and M.C.M. for U.K. & European countries and ICH guidelines going to be uniform for international levels.
We having one attractive international Market for our Pharmaceuticals That is Afghanistan,very near and easily approachable and comparatively less competitive.
Since, the business involved is worth multibillion dollars; this branch has assumed tremendous significance and is bound to grow enormously, in the Post-GATT era. Many big players in the drugs & pharma. field has already established separate Regulatory Affairs Departments in their companies. Regulatory experts are thus in great demand. Since, the field is highly technical Pharmacy professionals again fit in these positions. Similarly, Patents and Trademarks, I.P.R. Experts are also in high demand as far as the pharma. industry is concerned.
Documentation, Library Information Services & Pharma. Journalism:
The Regulatory Affairs as well as, Patenting Processes and Issues involve a lot of documentation work to be done and submitted to the concerned Regulatory Authorities, in a highly specialized and technical manner. Pharmacy professionals are again fitting in the bill. Most of the major Pakistani Pharma. companies have established separate Documentation Departments with a highly technical & skilled staff for this purpose.
Similarly, the R & D & Q.C. Departments of the Pharma. Companies need a wealth of Technical information, which needs to be updated regularly, in order to match the pace of global competition. Therefore, Library Information services is another field in much demand as far as the Pharma. industry is concerned. Furthermore, with the advent & boom of the Information Technology, Bio-Informatics and Electronic Data Retrieval Systems, this field is already scaling new heights.
Pharma- Journalism is another area filled with great potentialities. This requires specialist technical personnel like pharmacy graduates on the editorial staff to cover the various aspects. There is already a very lucrative business in this field.
Consultancy
This is an ideal opportunity for highly technical and experienced pharmacy professionals to earn handsomely as self-employed entrepreneurs, even after the age of retirement. Consultancy services in Pharmacy are offered in various fields against very attractive financial fees
- Regulatory Affairs
- Documentation
- Approvals
- Manufacturing Processes
- Analytical Series
- Research
- Market Surveys & Sales Promotion
- Information Retrieval
- Data Management
- Turn Key Projects, etc.
Opportunities Abroad
Golden opportunities galore for qualified Pharmacy professionals in various courtiers including the U.S.A., Canada, European Countries like U.K., France, Germany, African Countries like S. Africa, Nigeria, Yemen, Gulf Countries like Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, South East Asian Countries like Singapore, Korea, Japan, etc. and the Australian Continent including N.Zealand.
There are plenty of higher education and research opportunities in the developed western countries along with excellent job openings. The pharmaceutical career is one of the highest rewarding careers in these countries.
The monetary job benefits abroad are highly exciting, job profiles in African Countries like, andNigeria, Yemen & Gulf Countries like Saudi Arabia, Kuwait mainly as pharmacists in drug stores and hospitals.
In developed Western countries the job opportunities are manifold and almost in any one of the ten vocations discussed above.
It is involved in all the stages related to a drug, from its discovery, development, action, safety, formulation, use, quality control, packaging, storage, marketing, etc. Thus, today''s pharmacy professional is a ''drug expert'' in the real sense. The profession of pharmacy has transformed into a hub for the ''Global Healthcare'' and evolved as a multidisciplinary, multifaceted curriculum.
The drugs & pharma industry is a multibillion-dollar business. In the rapidly changing global scenario and the implementation of GATT & TRIPS in Pakistan, now a matter of only a couple of years, the pharmaceutical industry and professionals will play a vital role in shaping up our national economy. This new decade is thus, bound to have an ever growing demand of pharmacy professionals not only in the country, but even worldwide. Anticipating this demand the government has taken special steps to boost this unique discipline having a blend of both -- technology, as well as, health-sciences.
Some of the Pakistani universities like the Gomal universit, University of Punjab,University of Sind etc., have given a special status to the pharmacy education by setting up a separate faculty of pharmaceutical Sciences. In Pakistan Pharmacy Education is a two-tier system After 12th Science of State Board one can opt for any of the two courses, namely Diploma (D.Pharm.) and Degree (B.Pharm and Now Pharm D).
Law and Ethics for Pharmacy Technicians
The regulatory bodies for pharmacy colleges are namely,Pharmacy Council of Pakistan (PCP) and further divided in Provisional Pharmacy Council (PPC) and the respective University to which the college is affiliated to. Today pharmacy education like the pharmaceutical industry is also in the process of globalization. In order to have uniformity in course contents, requisite standards of education, technical faculty, facilities and infrastructure at international levels, colleges are going for accreditation and certifications from internationally approved regulating agencies.
A pharmacy professional can work as a production person (chemist, officer, executive, manager, vice-president), involved in the production of bulk drug & intermediates or formulations and dosage forms.
Industries in the cosmetics, soaps, toiletries segment also hire pharmacy professionals. Other segments where opportunities exist are the field of dental products. Dental medicine is a specialized field and so is its production. These involve products dedicated to dental care and hygiene like toothpaste, mouthwashes, dental cavity fillers, etc.
Blood and plasma products is another area hitherto untapped in Pakistan, but has immense potential worldwide and is coming up fast in the country. The products involve, blood of various groups, production of blood bags, haemoglobin, plasma, serum, clotting factors, antigens, antibodies, etc.
Production of biological & biotechnological products, surgical dressings, medical devices & equipment, ayurvedic/ homoeopathic / unani medicines also involve the presence of pharmacy professionals in its production.
Other areas where pharmacy professionals are required are in production of veterinary medicine, perfumery, fragrances, nutraceuticals
Research & Development:
This forms the heart of any industry, as it is the key to growth and sustenance. Mainly M Pharms & PhDs are in great demand in the various areas of Pharmaceutical R&D. Other areas where professionals are required are:
- New Drug Discovery Research (NDDR): Discovering a new drug has assumed prime importance in the post-GATT era.
- Process Development (P&D): One of the important areas in bulk drugs industry is developing viable processes for the manufacture of drugs and intermediates for their commercial production.
- Formulation & Development (F&D): The success of any pharma company lies in the quality of its products, i.e., its formulations & dosage forms.
- Clinical Trials, Bioequivalence studies, Toxicological Studies: These are some of the areas of clinical research which are in high demand as they are involved in the systematic evaluation of potential drug substances prior to getting them approved by the authorities.
Analysis & Testing
Any drug or dosage form for human use has to be of excellent quality and purity, free from any impurities. The permissible limits of impurities, which either occurs through the manufacturing process, equipment, raw materials, handling or storage, are very stringent. Therefore, Quality control (QC) and Quality Assurance (QA) are the most integral areas of the drug & pharmaceutical industry. Highly specialized and trained staff is required to handle sensitive analytical procedures & sophisticated equipment. MPharm & PhDs in Pharm Analysis /Q.A. are highly preferred for this job.
Marketing
Any business is incomplete without the marketing & sales aspect, as the universal fact is that any thing produced has to be sold. The Pharma. Sales & Marketing is a highly technical field & offers excellent opportunities for the pharmacy graduates. Additional qualification like M.B.A. adds to their arsenal. An aspirant of a highly bright future can enter through various openings like starting his own retail or wholesale drug store or becoming a professional sales representative (known as medical Sales Representative or M.R.) to the levels of International Marketing & Exports. The monetary rewards and perks are the best.
Hospital Pharmacy
Another opening for a Pharmacy professional is as a "Registered Pharmacist" in the hospitals or drug stores. This is a very sought after professional especially in countries like the U.S.A. & Canada. The trend is already set in many hospitals in the country. This is a key position and the Pharmacist plays an important role form preparing prescription to the patient''s medial history after the Medical doctor has diagnosed the disease. The Pharmacist is the best-informed qualified drug expert whose advice is sought by every body regarding the dosage, incompatibilities and side effects of drugs.
Community Pharmacy
This concept, which is already very old in developed Western countries, is rapidly catching up the Healthcare service in our country. Through the services of community pharmacy a Pharmacist becomes a vital link between the patients and the products i.e., drugs. The pharmacist also serves a vital link between the patients and other healthcare professionals, especially the medical experts.
- Counseling the patients regarding the use of the drugs and dosage forms
- Providing up-to-date information on drugs/dosage forms to the patients, as well as, medical staff.
- Maintaining patient records & history
- Involved in the usage of self-diagnostic kits by the patients for disorders like diabetes, hypertension etc.
- Providing supply of Home care dosage forms.
Academics
Excellent opportunities for the professionals are available in teaching profession also. As per the A.I.C.T.E. norms the minimum entry-level qualification as lecturer is M.Pharm. This is a profession associated with job satisfaction and social status as teaching is considered to be noble profession. The higher posts in the hierarchy and Sr. Lecturer, Reader, Asst. Professor, Professor, Principal etc. The emoluments are satisfactory.
Besides teaching Academic related opportunities involve positions on Research Posts and Training programs.
Regulatory Affairs
Locally the Drug Control Authority (Drug Inspectors) is the main regulatory body governing and implementing the rules and regulations for the Drug & Pharma industry. The Authority has state branches and sub-branches(Distt, and Tehsil Level) all over the country. The job opportunities for Pharmacy graduates are excellent and range from the levels of a Drug Inspector (D.I.), Sr. D.I., Deputy Drug Controller, Asst. Drug Controller, Drug Controller and finally provisional Drug Controller and Federal Drug controller. This is highly respected and sought after profession. A graduate in Pharmacy is the minimum eligibility.
With globalization process reaching out to Pakistan, the geographical barriers have become obsolete. Any country will have to compete and trade globally in order to progress and survive in the years to come. The major drugs and pharma. Companies have realized this fact and have stepped into the global area of competitive trade. If a Pakistani manufacturer wants to sell his drug or formulation to a foreign country it is mandatory that he has to fulfill all the statutory requirements laid by the regulatory authorities of that country. Also, his product needs to be perfectly as per the specifications laid down by the concerned regulatory authority. Thus, in order to enter into trade with the foreign countries it is mandatory to get the necessary approvals and sanctions as per the formats given by local regulatory authorities. E.g. Approvals to be obtained from U.S.F.D.A. for U.S.A, T.G.A. for Australia & N>Zeeland, M.C.A and M.C.M. for U.K. & European countries and ICH guidelines going to be uniform for international levels.
We having one attractive international Market for our Pharmaceuticals That is Afghanistan,very near and easily approachable and comparatively less competitive.
Since, the business involved is worth multibillion dollars; this branch has assumed tremendous significance and is bound to grow enormously, in the Post-GATT era. Many big players in the drugs & pharma. field has already established separate Regulatory Affairs Departments in their companies. Regulatory experts are thus in great demand. Since, the field is highly technical Pharmacy professionals again fit in these positions. Similarly, Patents and Trademarks, I.P.R. Experts are also in high demand as far as the pharma. industry is concerned.
Documentation, Library Information Services & Pharma. Journalism:
The Regulatory Affairs as well as, Patenting Processes and Issues involve a lot of documentation work to be done and submitted to the concerned Regulatory Authorities, in a highly specialized and technical manner. Pharmacy professionals are again fitting in the bill. Most of the major Pakistani Pharma. companies have established separate Documentation Departments with a highly technical & skilled staff for this purpose.
Similarly, the R & D & Q.C. Departments of the Pharma. Companies need a wealth of Technical information, which needs to be updated regularly, in order to match the pace of global competition. Therefore, Library Information services is another field in much demand as far as the Pharma. industry is concerned. Furthermore, with the advent & boom of the Information Technology, Bio-Informatics and Electronic Data Retrieval Systems, this field is already scaling new heights.
Pharma- Journalism is another area filled with great potentialities. This requires specialist technical personnel like pharmacy graduates on the editorial staff to cover the various aspects. There is already a very lucrative business in this field.
Consultancy
This is an ideal opportunity for highly technical and experienced pharmacy professionals to earn handsomely as self-employed entrepreneurs, even after the age of retirement. Consultancy services in Pharmacy are offered in various fields against very attractive financial fees
- Regulatory Affairs
- Documentation
- Approvals
- Manufacturing Processes
- Analytical Series
- Research
- Market Surveys & Sales Promotion
- Information Retrieval
- Data Management
- Turn Key Projects, etc.
Opportunities Abroad
Golden opportunities galore for qualified Pharmacy professionals in various courtiers including the U.S.A., Canada, European Countries like U.K., France, Germany, African Countries like S. Africa, Nigeria, Yemen, Gulf Countries like Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, South East Asian Countries like Singapore, Korea, Japan, etc. and the Australian Continent including N.Zealand.
There are plenty of higher education and research opportunities in the developed western countries along with excellent job openings. The pharmaceutical career is one of the highest rewarding careers in these countries.
The monetary job benefits abroad are highly exciting, job profiles in African Countries like, andNigeria, Yemen & Gulf Countries like Saudi Arabia, Kuwait mainly as pharmacists in drug stores and hospitals.
In developed Western countries the job opportunities are manifold and almost in any one of the ten vocations discussed above.
History of Pharmacy
It was in 9th century in the civilized world around Baghdad that the profession of pharmacy started acquiring shape. It slowly spread to Europe as alchemy and finally developed into chemistry. The first known chemical process was carried out by the artisans of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China. However in the 19th century it completely sprouted out from medicine and started developing as a separate profession. This happened only when the role of pharmacist as a compounder of medicines were identified and differentiated from physician whose role was accepted as the therapist. The practice in those times was restricted to compounding, dispensing medication and manufacturing medicaments in bulk lots not for general sale. The medicament commonly produced was simple elixirs, spirits, and powders in contrast to the complex pharmaceutical remedies of the present era. The 19th century witnessed various milestones being set in the field of pharmacy. In 1821, first school of pharmacy was established in U.S at Philadelphia. The first U.S pharmacopoeia was published in 1820. American pharmacist association was founded in 1852.The first National formulary was published in 1888.
The inception of pharmacy profession in Indian region was marked by the first class of the chemist and druggist conducted at the Madras medical college in 1870s to train students to gain skills in pharmacy practice. Pharmacy education pattern was based on the instructions provided by the pharmaceutical society of Great Britain. A formal training of the compounders was started in 1881 in Bengal.
The inception of pharmacy profession in Indian region was marked by the first class of the chemist and druggist conducted at the Madras medical college in 1870s to train students to gain skills in pharmacy practice. Pharmacy education pattern was based on the instructions provided by the pharmaceutical society of Great Britain. A formal training of the compounders was started in 1881 in Bengal.
Pharmacist Code of Ethics & Oath
Pharmacists are health professionals who assist individuals in making the best use of medications. This Code, prepared and supported by pharmacists, is intended to state publicly the principles that form the fundamental basis of the roles and responsibilities of pharmacists. These principles, based on moral obligations and virtues, are established to guide pharmacists in relationships with patients, health professionals, and society.
I. A pharmacist respects the covenantal relationship between the patient and pharmacist.
Considering the patient-pharmacist relationship as a covenant means that a pharmacist has moral obligations in response to the gift of trust received from society. In return for this gift, a pharmacist promises to help individuals achieve optimum benefit from their medications, to be committed to their welfare, and to maintain their trust.
II. A pharmacist promotes the good of every patient in a caring, compassionate, and confidential manner.
A pharmacist places concern for the well-being of the patient at the center of professional practice. In doing so, a pharmacist considers needs stated by the patient as well as those defined by health science. A pharmacist is dedicated to protecting the dignity of the patient. With a caring attitude and a compassionate spirit, a pharmacist focuses on serving the patient in a private and confidential manner.
III. A pharmacist respects the autonomy and dignity of each patient.
A pharmacist promotes the right of self-determination and recognizes individual self-worth by encouraging patients to participate in decisions about their health. A pharmacist communicates with patients in terms those are understandable. In all cases, a pharmacist respects personal and cultural differences among patients.
IV. A pharmacist acts with honesty and integrity in professional relationships.
A pharmacist has a duty to tell the truth and to act with conviction of conscience. A pharmacist avoids discriminatory practices, behavior or work conditions that impair professional judgment, and actions that compromise dedication to the best interests of patients.
V. A pharmacist maintains professionalcompetence.
A pharmacist has a duty to maintain knowledge and abilities as new medications, devices, and technologies become available and as health information advances.
VI. A pharmacist respects the values and abilities of colleagues and other health professionals.
When appropriate, a pharmacist asks for the consultation of colleagues or other health professionals or refers the patient. A pharmacist acknowledges that colleagues and other health professionals may differ in the beliefs and values they apply to the care of the patient.
VII. A pharmacist serves individual, community, and societal needs.
The primary obligation of a pharmacist is to individual patients. However, the obligations of a pharmacist may at times extend beyond the individual to the community and society. In these situations, the pharmacist recognizes the responsibilities that accompany these obligations and acts accordingly.
VIII. A pharmacist seeks justice in the distribution of health resources.
When health resources are allocated, a pharmacist is fair and equitable, balancing the needs of patients and society.
*adopted by the membership of the American Pharmacists Association October 27, 1994.
Oath of a Pharmacist
At this time, I vow to devote my professional life to the service of all humankind through the profession of pharmacy.
I will consider the welfare of humanity and relief of human suffering my primary concerns.
I will apply my knowledge, experience, and skills to the best of my ability to assure optimal drug therapy outcomes for the patients I serve.
I will keep abreast of developments and maintain professional competency in my profession of pharmacy. I will maintain the highest principles of moral, ethical and legal conduct.
I will embrace and advocate change in the profession of pharmacy that improves patient care.
I take these vows voluntarily with the full realization of the responsibility with which I am entrusted by the public.
CODE OF ETHICS: An entry from Macmillan Reference USA's <i>Encyclopedia of Bioethics</i>
I. A pharmacist respects the covenantal relationship between the patient and pharmacist.
Considering the patient-pharmacist relationship as a covenant means that a pharmacist has moral obligations in response to the gift of trust received from society. In return for this gift, a pharmacist promises to help individuals achieve optimum benefit from their medications, to be committed to their welfare, and to maintain their trust.
II. A pharmacist promotes the good of every patient in a caring, compassionate, and confidential manner.
A pharmacist places concern for the well-being of the patient at the center of professional practice. In doing so, a pharmacist considers needs stated by the patient as well as those defined by health science. A pharmacist is dedicated to protecting the dignity of the patient. With a caring attitude and a compassionate spirit, a pharmacist focuses on serving the patient in a private and confidential manner.
III. A pharmacist respects the autonomy and dignity of each patient.
A pharmacist promotes the right of self-determination and recognizes individual self-worth by encouraging patients to participate in decisions about their health. A pharmacist communicates with patients in terms those are understandable. In all cases, a pharmacist respects personal and cultural differences among patients.
IV. A pharmacist acts with honesty and integrity in professional relationships.
A pharmacist has a duty to tell the truth and to act with conviction of conscience. A pharmacist avoids discriminatory practices, behavior or work conditions that impair professional judgment, and actions that compromise dedication to the best interests of patients.
V. A pharmacist maintains professionalcompetence.
A pharmacist has a duty to maintain knowledge and abilities as new medications, devices, and technologies become available and as health information advances.
VI. A pharmacist respects the values and abilities of colleagues and other health professionals.
When appropriate, a pharmacist asks for the consultation of colleagues or other health professionals or refers the patient. A pharmacist acknowledges that colleagues and other health professionals may differ in the beliefs and values they apply to the care of the patient.
VII. A pharmacist serves individual, community, and societal needs.
The primary obligation of a pharmacist is to individual patients. However, the obligations of a pharmacist may at times extend beyond the individual to the community and society. In these situations, the pharmacist recognizes the responsibilities that accompany these obligations and acts accordingly.
VIII. A pharmacist seeks justice in the distribution of health resources.
When health resources are allocated, a pharmacist is fair and equitable, balancing the needs of patients and society.
*adopted by the membership of the American Pharmacists Association October 27, 1994.
Oath of a Pharmacist
At this time, I vow to devote my professional life to the service of all humankind through the profession of pharmacy.
I will consider the welfare of humanity and relief of human suffering my primary concerns.
I will apply my knowledge, experience, and skills to the best of my ability to assure optimal drug therapy outcomes for the patients I serve.
I will keep abreast of developments and maintain professional competency in my profession of pharmacy. I will maintain the highest principles of moral, ethical and legal conduct.
I will embrace and advocate change in the profession of pharmacy that improves patient care.
I take these vows voluntarily with the full realization of the responsibility with which I am entrusted by the public.
CODE OF ETHICS: An entry from Macmillan Reference USA's <i>Encyclopedia of Bioethics</i>
Tuesday, May 24, 2011
Monday, May 23, 2011
Community Pharmacy hand book
This book is an essential guide for Community Pharmacists,a breif explanation to all Areas of Community Pharmacy.That is Job description of Community Pharmacists,role of community Pharmacist regarding OTC Drug misuse and Drug abuse.Following is the free Download of Community Pharmacy handbook
Sunday, May 22, 2011
Sinus Compounding Pharmacy – Customized Medications for Your Exact Needs
How about Customized Sinus Medication for a Change?
Prior to the emergence of mass-produced medications, most drugs provided individual treatments that were hinged on the particular complaints of individual sufferers. Only in the 1930s were these replaced by laboratory-produced medications that cater to a far larger population of patients. But with medical science going full circle, compounding pharmacy is rapidly becoming the trend in treating sinusitis.
What is the Goal of Sinus Compounding Pharmacy?
Medical science has long ago understood that not all medications work for everybody - that mass-produced drugs do not always guarantee cure, and that two patients with the same condition do not always respond to medications in the same manner. The point is, medical conditions are not always the same for all patients and while one treatment method is proven to be very effective for the majority of patients, this is not an assurance that every patient will respond favorably to a generally effective method. Thus, the need for drugs that are customized to the requirements of individual patients - drugs that are designed with the unique condition of the patients in mind.
When is Compounding Pharmacy Applicable in the Treatment of Sinusitis?
Compounding pharmacy, although available to everyone, is only called-for when the following situations arise:
When mass-produced medications cannot meet the particular dosage of a patient. Because most drug dosages were designed to meet a wide spectrum of patients, only a small number of cases need special dosages. Usually, this group of individuals comprise of infants who can tolerate only small dosages or children and adults whose dosage requirements are not met by dosage range of commercially available medications.
When the particular drug needed by the patient had been discontinued years ago by pharmaceutical manufacturers. There have been many cases of sinusitis where patients require drugs that are no longer available in the market. Now, production of small amounts of these discontinued drugs are permitted only when there is a compelling need to produce them. Otherwise, mainstream drugs are administered.
When an alternative method of delivering medication is needed. Most drugs for sinusitis, antibiotics for example, are available in pill and tablet forms. For patients who have difficulty swallowing medications or are incapable of ingesting them, and for those patients who do not respond to intravenous medications, other forms of delivering the medication are needed. Such is the case of nebulized antibiotics and other aerosolized medications. Nebulized antibiotics were created years ago to cater to the demands of patients who, after undergoing a series of treatments including surgery, were still bothered by symptoms of sinusitis. Because nebulizers containing antibiotics can deliver the medication in mist form more directly than their tablet counterparts, they can chop the cause of the symptoms off its roots easily, leading to more efficient symptom management and faster relief.
Sinus compounding pharmacy is a very tricky business. It is, for the most parts, experimental and deals with special cases whose responsiveness to new methods of pharmacy-based therapy is unstable, at best. It is, thus, very important to find companies that can guarantee that the safety of the patients are not compromised.
Prior to the emergence of mass-produced medications, most drugs provided individual treatments that were hinged on the particular complaints of individual sufferers. Only in the 1930s were these replaced by laboratory-produced medications that cater to a far larger population of patients. But with medical science going full circle, compounding pharmacy is rapidly becoming the trend in treating sinusitis.
What is the Goal of Sinus Compounding Pharmacy?
Medical science has long ago understood that not all medications work for everybody - that mass-produced drugs do not always guarantee cure, and that two patients with the same condition do not always respond to medications in the same manner. The point is, medical conditions are not always the same for all patients and while one treatment method is proven to be very effective for the majority of patients, this is not an assurance that every patient will respond favorably to a generally effective method. Thus, the need for drugs that are customized to the requirements of individual patients - drugs that are designed with the unique condition of the patients in mind.
When is Compounding Pharmacy Applicable in the Treatment of Sinusitis?
Compounding pharmacy, although available to everyone, is only called-for when the following situations arise:
When mass-produced medications cannot meet the particular dosage of a patient. Because most drug dosages were designed to meet a wide spectrum of patients, only a small number of cases need special dosages. Usually, this group of individuals comprise of infants who can tolerate only small dosages or children and adults whose dosage requirements are not met by dosage range of commercially available medications.
When the particular drug needed by the patient had been discontinued years ago by pharmaceutical manufacturers. There have been many cases of sinusitis where patients require drugs that are no longer available in the market. Now, production of small amounts of these discontinued drugs are permitted only when there is a compelling need to produce them. Otherwise, mainstream drugs are administered.
When an alternative method of delivering medication is needed. Most drugs for sinusitis, antibiotics for example, are available in pill and tablet forms. For patients who have difficulty swallowing medications or are incapable of ingesting them, and for those patients who do not respond to intravenous medications, other forms of delivering the medication are needed. Such is the case of nebulized antibiotics and other aerosolized medications. Nebulized antibiotics were created years ago to cater to the demands of patients who, after undergoing a series of treatments including surgery, were still bothered by symptoms of sinusitis. Because nebulizers containing antibiotics can deliver the medication in mist form more directly than their tablet counterparts, they can chop the cause of the symptoms off its roots easily, leading to more efficient symptom management and faster relief.
Sinus compounding pharmacy is a very tricky business. It is, for the most parts, experimental and deals with special cases whose responsiveness to new methods of pharmacy-based therapy is unstable, at best. It is, thus, very important to find companies that can guarantee that the safety of the patients are not compromised.
Comprehensive Pharmacy Review pdf
a nice book every pharmacist need it Comprehensive Pharmacy Review 7.pdf
Saturday, May 21, 2011
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